ADMAP | SCAR

About

ADMAP has been providing a unique opportunity for integrating scientific research and investigations over Antarctica. ADMAP aims to enable geologic studies of Antarctica where almost 99% of the continent is covered by ice and snow.

ADMAP was launched in 1995 to compile and integrate into a digital database all exisiting near-surface and satellite magnetic anomaly data collected in Antarctica and surrounding oceans south of 60 degrees. Since then, the ADMAP Group has been updating the databases with additional surveys as well as investigating the areas of special interest, first as a SCAR Working Group and currently as an Expert Group.

ADMAP is also a SCAR Product, produced by the Expert Group. See the ADMAP product.

The Antarctic continent plays a very important role in the plate-tectonics context; the study of the lithosphere and the identification of relevant lateral discontinuities in Antarctica and surrounding areas are essential to the understanding of the geodynamic evolution of the continent.

Studies of the Antarctic continent rely extensively on magnetic anomaly data, because of the extensive ice cover. Numerous magnetic surveys have been carried out by the international community. The objective for compiling the Antarctic digital magnetic database is to enhance the geological and tectonic utility of these magnetic data. This compilation will provide an improvement in understanding the regional geology of the Antarctic, provide a regional framework for the interpretation of smaller scale areas and enable a more effective selection of areas for further investigation.

The multinational Antarctic Digital Magnetic Anomaly Project (ADMAP) was launched to compile near-surface magnetic anomaly data into a digital map and database for the Antarctic continent and surrounding oceans. The data set will be a powerful tool for determining the structure, processes and tectonic evolution of the continent, together with providing information valuable in the reconstruction of the Gondwanaland and Rodinia supercontinents. The resulting merged potential field anomaly maps connect geological mapping studies of the various programmes in terms of parameters such as:

Major structure and composition of the continent – the magnetic data provide two-dimensional regional maps of structural grain in basement; suture zones between basement terranes; the basement terranes themselves; the nature of intra continental rifts and the extent of major faults.
Geological timing and kinematics associated with the evolution of the continent – relative ages and displacements can be derived from the detailed geophysical mapping of rock units. The distinctive magnetic signatures of some plutons, serpentinites, amphibolites, migmatites, young sedimentary basins and volcanic rocks provide important markers for extracting both the orientation of regional faulting and relative timing.
Paleoenvironment and global change – from the reconstruction of Gondwana, it might be possible to identify the locations of old oceans and therefore infer circulation paths that would have affected past climates.
Essential information on the crustal contribution to the Earth’s magnetic field from a remote and poorly understood region – this effort will permit improved global geomagnetic field modelling and assist with verification and calibration of magnetometer observations obtained from polar orbiting satellite missions. The integration of satellite and near-surface magnetic anomalies will result in a compilation that accurately portrays the fullest possible spectrum of magnetic anomalies for the Antarctic lithosphere.

For more information about ADMAP, please visit the ADMAP website.

Terms of Reference

Geologic studies of the Antarctic are greatly aided by magnetic anomaly data because of the region’s nearly ubiquitous cover of snow, ice, and sea water. Consequently, numerous near-surface magnetic surveys have been carried out for site-specific geologic objectives by the international community. As a result of the first ADMAP workshop (ADMAP I) in Cambridge, UK, it became clear that these individual magnetic surveys may be combined into a regional magnetic synthesis that would further enhance their utility for geologic studies.

Accordingly, ADMAP was launched in 1995 to compile and integrate into a digital database all existing near-surface and satellite magnetic anomaly data collected in Antarctica and surrounding oceans south of 60° S.

For information on the ADMAP Concept, see the ADMAP website.

News

View in all ADMAP

News and Research Updates from the ADMAP Community.

Members

Contact

The Co-Chairs of the ADMAP group are Graeme Eagles, Fausto Ferraccioli and Detlef Damaske.

ADMAP Steering Committee

Graeme Eagles (Co-Chair)	Alfred Wegener Institute	Germany
Fausto Ferraccioli (Co-Chair)	Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS)	Italy
Alexander Golynsky	VNIIOkeangeologia	Russia
Duncan Young	UTIG	USA
Detlef Damaske (Co-Chair)		Germany
Hyung Rae Kim	Kongju University	Korea
Marta Ghidella		Argentina
Ralph von Frese	Ohio State University	USA

For a list of the members of ADMAP, see the ADMAP website.

Resources

Publications, Data and Links of interest to the Antarctic Magnetic Anomaly Community

Reports

Toggle	Title	Date
	pdf ADMAP Expert Group Report 2022 ( pdf, 211 KB )	11 Jan 2023
	pdf ADMAP Expert Group Report 2020 ( pdf, 115 KB )	16 Apr 2021
	pdf SCAR XXXV Paper 15: Geosciences Group (GSG) Report ( pdf, 6.28 MB )	20 Sep 2018
	pdf SCAR EXCOM 2017 Paper 6: Report of Geosciences Group AND Geosciences Group Reports ( pdf, 937 KB )	02 Aug 2017
	pdf SCAR XXXIV WP08b: Reports from Geosciences Action and Expert Groups ( pdf, 2.13 MB )	30 Aug 2016
	pdf ADMAP-2 Workshop Report 2016 ( pdf, 153 KB )	21 Aug 2016
	pdf ADMAP-2 Workshop Report 2015 ( pdf, 96 KB )	12 Jul 2015
	pdf ADMAP Status Report 2014 ( pdf, 55 KB )	29 Aug 2014

Publications

Publications from the ADMAP group from 2008 to 2016 are listed below. Details of publications by the ADMAP group from before 2008 are listed on the ADMAP website.

2016

F. J. Davey, R Granot, S. C. Cande, J. M. Stock, M. Selvans, F. Ferraccioli, 2016. Synchronous Oceanic Spreading and Continental Rifting in West Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, DOI: 10.1002/2016GL069087.

A. R. A. Aitken,J. L. Roberts, T. D. van Ommen,D. A. Young, N. R. Golledge, J. S. Greenbaum, D. D. Blankenship & M. J. Siegert, 2016. Repeated large-scale retreat and advance of Totten Glacier indicated by inland bed erosion. Nature 533,385-389, doi:10.1038/nature17447

A.R.A. Aitken, P.G. Betts, D.A. Young, D.D. Blankenship, J.L. Roberts, M.J. Siegert, 2016. The Australo-Antarctic Columbia to Gondwana transition. Gondwana Research, 29 (1), 136-152, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2014.10.019.

Frederick, B. C., Young, D. A., Blankenship, D. D., Richter, T. G., Kempf, S. D., Ferraccioli, F., and Siegert, M. J.,2016, Distribution of subglacial sediments across the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, East Antarctica, Journal Of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 121, 4, 790–813, 10.1002/2015JF003760

2015

Ferraccioli F., 2015. Antarctic Frontiers as revealed from a decade of aerogeophysical exploration. First Break, European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.201411994.

Greenbaum, J. S., Blankenship, D. D., Young, D. A., Richter, T. G., Roberts, J. L., Aitken, A. R. A., Legresy, B., Schroeder, D. M., Warner, R. C., van Ommen, T. D., and Siegert, M. J.,2015, Ocean access to a cavity beneath Totten Glacier in East Antarctica, Nature Geosciences, 8, 294-298, 10.1038/ngeo2388

DYMENT, J., et al. Global equivalent magnetization of the oceanic lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2015, 430: 54-65.

JACOBS, J., ELBURG, M., LÄUFER, A., KKLEINHANNS, I.C.,HENJES-KUNST, F., ESTRADA, S., RUPPEL, A.S., DAMASKE, MONTERO, P. & BEA, F. (2015): Two distinct Late Mesoproterozoic/Early Neoproterozoic basement provinces in central/eastern Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica: The missing link, 15–21◦E – . – Precambrian Research, 265, 249-272, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.05.003.

2014

DAMASKE, D., SCHRECKENBERGER, B. & GOLDMANN, F. (2014): A High Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey over the Mesa Range, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. – Polarforschung, 84, (1), 1-13.

JORDAN, T. A., et al. Structure and evolution of Cenozoic arc magmatism on the Antarctic Peninsula: a high resolution aeromagnetic perspective. Geophysical Journal International, 2014, 198.3: 1758-1774.

Eagles, G., and Jokat, W., 2014, Tectonic reconstructions for paleobathymetry in Drake Passage, Tectonophyiscs, 611, 28-50. Doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.11.021.

MIETH, M., JACOBS, J., RUPPEL, A., DAMASKE, D., LÄUFER, A. & JOKAT, W. (2014): New detailed aeromagnetic and geological data of eastern Dronning Maud Land: Implications for refining the tectonic and structural framework of Sør Rondane, East Antarctica. – Precambrian Research, 245, 174-185, doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2014.02.009.

Mieth, M., and Jokat, W., 2014, New aeromagnetic view of the geological fabric of southern Dronning Maud Land and Coats Land, East Antarctica, Gondwana Research, 25, 358-367. Doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.04.003

Mieth, M. and Jokat, W. (2014): Banded iron formation (?) at Grunehogna Craton, East Antarctica – constraints from aeromagnetic data , Precambrian Research, 250 , pp. 143- 150 . doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2014.06.001

CATALÁN, Manuel, et al. Monitoring the evolution of Deception Island volcano from magnetic anomaly data (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Global and Planetary Change, 2014, 123: 199-212.

PANDIT, Manoj K.; DE WALL, Helga. Preliminary Magnetic Susceptibility Characteristics of the Bharati Promontory (Grovness Peninsula), Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay Region, East Antarctica. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 2014, 84.2: 163-173.

Aitken, A. R. A., D. A. Young, F. Ferraccioli, P. G. Betts, J. S. Greenbaum, T. G. Richter, J. L. Roberts, D. D. Blankenship, and M. J. Siegert (2014), The subglacial geology of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2390-2400, doi:10.1002/2014GL059405.

T.M.Damiani, T.A.Jordan, F.Ferraccioli, D.A.Young, D.D.Blankenship, 2014. Variable crustal thickness beneath Thwaites Glacier revealed from airborne gravimetry, possible implications for geothermal heat flux inWest Antarctica. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 407, 109–122.

2013

Ferraccioli, F., Ralph von Frese, Marta Ghidella, 2013 (Guest Editors). Recent advances in Antarctic Geomagnetism and Lithosphere studies. Tectonophysics, 585, 1-2, 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.11.002.

Gohl, K., Denk, A., Eagles, G., and Wobbe, F., 2013, Deciphering tectonic phases of the Amundsen Sea Embayment shelf, West Antarctica, from a magnetic anomaly grid, Tectonophysics, 585, 113-123. Doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.036.

Golynsky, A., Bell, R., Blankenship, D., Damaske, D., Ferraccioli, F., Finn, C., Golynsky, D., Ivanov, S., Jokat, W., Masolov, V., Riedel, S., von Frese, R, Young, D. and the ADMAP Working Group (2013). Air and shipborne magnetic surveys of the Antarctic into the 21st century. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 3–12, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.02.017

Tozzi, R., De Santis, A., & Gaya-Piqué, L. R. (2013). Antarctic geomagnetic reference model updated to 2010 and provisionally to 2012. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 13-25.

H.R. Kim and R.R.B. von Frese (2013). Localized analysis of polar geomagnetic jerks. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 26–33.

J.W. Kim, H.R. Kim, R. von Frese, P. Taylor and E. Rangelova (2013). Geopotential field anomaly continuation with multi-altitude observations. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 34–47.

A.S. Wendt, A.P.M. Vaughan, F. Ferraccioli and A.M. Grunow (2013). Magnetic susceptibilities of rocks of the Antarctic Peninsula: Implications for the redox state of the batholith and the extent of metamorphic zones. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 48–67.

J. Galindo-Zaldívar, A. Ruiz-Constán, A. Pedrera, M. Ghidella, M. Montes, F. Nozal and L.R. Rodríguez-Fernandez (2013). Magnetic anomalies in Bahia Esperanza: A window of magmatic arc intrusions and glacier erosion over the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 68–76.

T. Yegorova and V. Bakhmutov (2013). Crustal structure of the Antarctic Peninsula sector of the Gondwana margin around Anvers Island from geophysical data. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 77–89.

Ghidella, M. E., Zambrano, O. M., Ferraccioli, F., Lirio, J. M., Zakrajsek, A. F., Ferris, J., & Jordan, T. A. (2013). Analysis of James Ross Island volcanic complex and sedimentary basin based on high-resolution aeromagnetic data. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 90-101.

M. Catalán, J. Galindo-Zaldivar, J.M. Davila, Y.M. Martos, A. Maldonado, L. Gambôa and A.A. Schreider (2013). Initial stages of oceanic spreading in the Bransfield Rift from magnetic and gravity data analysis. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 102–112.

K. Gohl, A. Denk, G. Eagles and F. Wobbe (2013) Deciphering tectonic phases of the Amundsen Sea Embayment shelf, West Antarctica, from a magnetic anomaly grid, Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 113-123.

Behrendt, J. C. (2013) The aeromagnetic method as a tool to identify Cenozoic magmatism in the West Antarctic Rift System beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet — A review; Thiel subglacial volcano as possible source of the ash layer in the WAISCORE, Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 124-136.

Jordan, T. A., Ferraccioli, F., Ross, N., Corr, H. F., Leat, P. T., Bingham, R. G., & Siegert, M. J. (2013). Inland extent of the Weddell Sea Rift imaged by new aerogeophysical data. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 137-160.

Riedel, S., Jacobs, J., and Jokat, W., 2013, Interpretation of new regional aeromagnetic data over Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica), Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 161-171. Doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.10.011

Golynsky, A.V., Ivanov, S.V., Kazankov, A.Ju., Jokat, W., Masolov, V.N., von Frese, R.R.B. and the ADMAP Working Group (2013). New continental margin magnetic anomalies of East Antarctica. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, Vol. 585. 172–184, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.043

von Frese, R.R.B, Kim, H.R., Leftwich, T.E. , Kim, J.W. and Golynsky, A.V. (2013). Satellite magnetic anomalies of the Wilkes Land impact basin inferred from regional gravity and terrain data. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 185–195. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.09.009

T.A. Jordan, F. Ferraccioli, E. Armadillo and E. Bozzo (2013). Crustal architecture of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin in East Antarctica, as revealed from airborne gravity data. Tectonophysics, Recent advances in Antarctic geomagnetism and lithosphere studies, 585, 196–206.

Osanai, Y., Nogi, Y., Baba, S., Nakano, N., Adachi, T., Hokada, T., Toyoshima, T., Owada, M., Satish-Kumar, M., Kamei, A. & Kitano, I. (2013). Geologic evolution of the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica: Collision tectonics proposed based on metamorphic processes and magnetic anomalies. Precambrian Research, 234, 8-29.

YANG, Y., DENG, X. G., & REN, J. B. (2013). Characteristic of gravity and magnetic and regional tectonics of Antarctica and its adjacent sea. Progress in Geophysics, 2, 057.

Nogi, Y., Jokat, W., Kitada, K., & Steinhage, D. (2013). Geological structures inferred from airborne geophysical surveys around Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica. Precambrian Research, 234, 279-287

2012

Bingham, R.G., Ferraccioli, F., King, E.C., Larter, R.D., Pritchard, H.D., Smith, A.M. & Vaughan, D.G., 2012. Inland thinning of West Antarctic Ice Sheet steered along subglacial rifts. Nature, 487, 468-471. DOI: 10.1038/nature11292.

Golynsky, D.A., Golynsky, A.V. (2012). East Antarctic Rift Systems – key to understanding of Gondwana break-up. Regional geology and metallogeny. St.-Petersburg, VSEGEI, (In Russian), No52, 58-72.

Leinweber, V.T., and Jokat, W., 2012, The Jurassic history of the Africa-Antarctica corridor – new constraints from magnetic data on the conjugate continental margins, Tectonophysics, 530-531, 87-101. Doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.11.008

Riedel, S., Jokat, W., and Steinhage, D., 2012, Mapping tectonic provinces with airborne gravity and radar data in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, Geophys. J. Int., 189, 414-427. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05363.x

2011

LÄUFER, A.L., DAMASKE, D. & LISKER, F. (2011): Neogene tectonics in the Edisto and Tucker Inlet region and its correlation with offshore magnetic anomalies north of Cape Adare, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. – Polarforschung, 80, (2), 111-126.

FERRACCIOLI, F., FINN, C.A., JORDAN, T.A., BELL, R.E., ANDERSON, L.M. & DAMASKE. D. (2011): East Antarctic rifting triggers uplift of the Gamburtsev Mountains. – Nature, 479, 388-392, doi:10.1038/nature10566.

Golynsky, D.A., Golynsky, A.V., Damaske, D., Kiselev, A.V., Masolov, V.N. 2011. Magnetic anomalies of the southern Prince Charles Mountains. Russian Earth Science Research in Antarctica. Collection of papers. Vol. 3. St.-Petersburg, «I.S. Gramberg VNIIOkeangeologia», (In Russian) 165-187.

Golynsky, A.V., Golynsky, D.A., Damaske, D., Jokat, W., Masolov, V.N. 2011. Magnetic anomaly field of the central part of Dronning Maud Land, zoning and geologic interpretation. Russian Earth Science Research in Antarctica. Collection of papers. Vol. 3. St.-Petersburg, «I.S. Gramberg VNIIOkeangeologia», (In Russian) 188-208.

2010

Jokat, W., Nogi, Y., and Leinweber, V., 2010, New aeromagnetic data from the western Enderby Basin and consequences for Antarctic-India breakup, Geophys. Res. Letts., 37, L21311, doi:10.1029/2010GL045117.

Leitchenkov, G.L., Guseva, Ju.B., Gandyukhin, V.V., Gohl, K., Ivanov, S.V., Golynsky, A.V., Kazankov, A.Ju. 2010. Crustal tectonics and depositional history in the Southern Indian Ocean (East Antarctica: Cooperation Sea, Davis Sea, Kerguelen Plateau). In: Leonov, Ju.G. (Ed.), Structure and Evolution of the Lithosphere, Moscow, Paulsen, 9-38, (In Russian). ISBN: 978-5-98797-043-0

Leitchenkov, G.L., Gandyukhin, V.V., Guseva, Ju.B., Gohl, K., Golynsky, A.V., Kazankov, A.Ju. 2010. Early history of the Indian Ocean opening (IPY-2007/08 project). Expeditionary investigations of the VNIIOkeangeologia in 2008-09. Saint-Petersburg, «I.S. Gramberg VNIIOkeangeologia», (In Russian) 36-49.

Jordan, T.A., Ferraccioli, F., Vaughan, D.G. , Holt, J.W. , Corr, H. , Blankenship, D.D. , Diehl, T.M., 2010. Aerogravity evidence for major crustal thinning under the Pine Island Glacier region (West Antarctica), Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122, 714-726, doi: 10.1130/B26417.1.

2009

Ferraccioli, F., Armadillo, E., Jordan, T.A., Bozzo, E., Corr, H., 2009. Aeromagnetic exploration over the East Antarctic Ice Sheet: a new view of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, Tectonophysics, 478, 62–77, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.03.013.

Ferraccioli, F., Armadillo, E., Zunino, A., Bozzo, E., Rocchi, S., Armienti, P., 2009. Magmatic and tectonic patterns over the Northern Victoria Land sector of the Transantarctic Mountains from new aeromagnetic imaging. Tectonophysics, 478, 43–61, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.11.028.

Jordan, T.A., Ferraccioli, F., Jones, P.C., Smellie, J.L., Ghidella, M.E., Corr, H., 2009. Airborne gravity reveals interior of Antarctic volcano. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 175, 127-136, doi:110.1016/j.pepi.2009.1003.1004.

Eagles, G., Larter, R.D., Gohl, K., and Vaughan, A.P.M., 2009, West Antarctic rift system in the Antarctic Peninsula, Geophys. Res. Letts., 36, L21305. Doi:10.1029/2009GL040721

McLEAN, M.A., WILSON, C.J.L., BOGER, S.D., BETTS, P.G., RAWLING, T.J. & DAMASKE, D. (2009): Basement interpretations from airborne magnetic and gravity data over the Lambert Rift region of East Antarctica. – J. Geophys. Res., 114, B06101, doi:10.1029/2008JB005650.

Golynsky, D.A., Golynsky, A.V., Kurinin, R.G., Leitchenkov, G.L., Kiselev. A.V. 2009. Results of geophysical investigation of alkaline-ultramafic magmatism in the Beaver Lake region, East Antarctica. Russian Earth Science Research in Antarctica. Collection of papers. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, «I.S. Gramberg VNIIOkeangeologia», (In Russian) 110-131. SRef: 550.93.0015:552.332(99-11)

Maus, S., Barckhausen, U., Berkenbosch, H., Bournas, N., Brozena, J., Childers, V., Dostaler, F., Fairhead, J. D., Finn, C., von Frese, R. R. B., Gaina, C., Golynsky, S., Kucks, R., Luehr, H., Milligan, P., Mogren, S., Mueller, R. D., Olesen, O., Pilkington, M., Saltus, R., Schreckenberger, B., Thebault, E., Tontini, F. Tontini C., 2009.
EMAG2: A 2–arc min resolution Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid compiled from satellite, airborne, and marine magnetic measurements, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q08005, doi:10.1029/2009GC002471.

2008

Eagles, G., and König, M., A model of plate kinematics in Gondwana breakup, Geophys. J. Int., 173, 703-717. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03753.x

Leitchenkov, G., Guseva, J., Gandyukhin, V., Grikurov, G., Kristoffersen, Y., Sand, M., Golynsky, A., Aleshkova, N. 2008. Crustal structure and tectonic provinces of the Riiser-Larsen Sea area (East Antarctica): results of geophysical studies. Mar. Geophys. Res., 29 (2), pp. 135-158, DOI 10.1007/s11001-008-9051-z.

Diehl, T.M., Holt, J.W., Blankenship, D. D., Young, D.A., Jordan, T.A., Ferraccioli, F. 2008. First airborne gravity results over the Thwaites Glacier catchment, West Antarctica. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9 (4), Q04011. doi: 10.1029/2007GC001878.

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